Lung adenocarcinoma is a form of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common type of lung cancer. NSCLCs account for 80% of lung malignancies and, of these, roughly 50% are adenocarcinomas. Today, adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer in women, Asians, and people under 45, and can even affect non-smokers who have never smoked one cigarette.

While the rate of adenocarcinoma has been decreasing in men and leveling off in women, the numbers continue to rise in young, non-smoking women—and researchers are not entirely sure why. It is largely believed that genetics, secondhand smoke, and exposure to radon in the home are all contributing factors. Unfortunately, research into the possible causes is lacking, likely partly due to the fact that lung cancer is largely considered a "smoker's disease."

Symptoms

Lung adenocarcinomas usually begin in tissues near the outer portion of the lungs and may be there for a long time before symptoms appear. When they finally appear, the signs are often less obvious than other forms of lung cancer, manifesting with a chronic cough and bloody sputum only in later, more advanced stages of the disease.

Causes

As with all cancers, the cause of lung adenocarcinoma remains largely unknown. Research strongly suggests that genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors play a part in the onset, risk, and severity of the disease.

Genetics

As one of three subtypes of NSCLC, lung adenocarcinoma is believed to be associated with certain genetic mutations that may predispose a person to the disease.

These include a mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, which provides the body with instructions on how to make structural proteins and regulates the speed at which that occurs. There are at least 10 known mutations that can affect the gene and cause cells to replicate abnormally and out of control.

EGFR mutations more commonly associated with less aggressive low- to intermediate-grade adenocarcinomas.

Diagnosis

If cancer is suspected, other, more sensitive diagnostics may be used, including:

Computed tomography (CT scan): A chest scan that can detect much smaller abnormalities than a chest X-ray

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): It uses magnetic fields to render images

Bronchoscopy, a procedure in which a flexible scope is inserted into the throat for a visual examination of the large airways in the lungs

Positron emission tomography (PET scan): It can visualize areas of metabolic hyperactivity (such as can happen with cancer cells)

Conclusion

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Journal of Molecular Oncology Research
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